Power adapters are widely used in notebook computers, game consoles, printers, DSL modems, and mobile phones. From the point of view of people's usage habits, these devices also have a considerable proportion of time in light load or standby (no load) mode of operation. Therefore, the “ENERGY STAR†and other standards are focused on improving the energy efficiency of the power adapters used in these devices, while also focusing on improving light load energy efficiency and reducing standby energy consumption.
For example, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) version 2.0 ENERGY STAR External Power Supply Specification (EPA 2.0) further enhances energy efficiency requirements based on version 1.1 (see Table 1), where Ln is the natural logarithm of the rated output power.
Table 1: Specification for 1.1 and 2.0 versions of the US Environmental Protection Agency's ENERGY STAR external power supply.
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