Laser physicists from the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics (MPQ), the Munich University of Technology (TUM) and the Ludwig-Maximilian-Munich University (LMU or the University of Munich) received the first 850 zs Accurate measurement results (1zs = 10-21s).
Recently, laser physicists have measured photo-ionization, the 10--21 measurement, for the first time with a leap second accuracy. Scientists at the Technical University of Munich said that this is the highest precision ever obtained for microscopic world time measurements and the first absolute measurement of the photoionization time scale.
Photoionization is the process by which photons interact with electrons in an atom. When a photon hits two electrons of a helium atom, the energy of the photon is completely absorbed by one of the electrons or is absorbed by both electrons. No matter how energy is transferred, there is an electron that will break away from the atom. This process is called the photoelectric effect, which Einstein explained in the early 20th century.
Schematic diagram of cesium atomic photoionization process
In recent years, physicists have discovered that from the interaction of a photon and an electron to the separation of one of the electrons from the atom, it lasts for 5 to 15 as (1as = 10-18s). Recently, laser physicists from the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics (MPQ), the Munich University of Technology (TUM) and the Ludwig-Maximilian-Munich University (LMU or the University of Munich) have for the first time Accurate measurement of 850 zs (1zs = 10-21s).
To excite electrons in the helium atom, the researchers used a pulse of ultra-ultraviolet (XUV) light with a pulse width of attosecond to illuminate the atom. At the same time, the atoms are illuminated with a pulse of infrared light having a pulse width of about 4 fs (1 fs = 10-15 s). Once the electrons are excited out of the atom by the extreme ultraviolet light, the electrons accelerate or decelerate under the electromagnetic field of the infrared pulse. Through this change of speed, the physicist can measure the photoelectric effect with the precision of leap seconds.
For the first time, researchers have determined from quantum mechanics how the energy of an incident photon is distributed among the two electrons of a helium atom within a few seconds before a particle is emitted. Helium atoms have only two electrons and are the only multi-electron system that can be fully calculated using quantum mechanical methods. This makes it possible to match the theoretical values ​​with the experimental results.
Once a photon excites an electron from a helium atom away from the atom, the possible positions of the remaining electrons can be calculated. The most likely location of an electron is the brightest area around the nucleus in the figure.
Laser physicists have filled the gaps in the measurement of helium atoms in quantum mechanics through the measurement experiment of leap seconds, and thus raised the measurement accuracy of the microcosm to a new dimension.
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