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The Nobel Prize in Physics, which was announced a few days ago, was presented to two scholars at Princeton University and Brown University. They introduced the mathematical concept of Topology into physics in the 1970s and 1980s. The theoretical study of phase and topological phase transitions, in short, is to study the singular state of matter. The Nobel Organizing Committee attributed the development of electronics and superconductors to them and said that "or will contribute to the future development of quantum computers."
What is quantum computing and where is its revolutionary? Titanium Media "Special Feature Group" conducted a detailed study and combing of the past and present life of quantum computing ("Business Value" October issue cover article), through this article, we share our research on cutting-edge technology fields with you:
August 16, 2016, 1:40 am Beijing time.
The quantum satellite "Mozi" was successfully launched at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. (Photo: Reuters/China Daily)
China's Long March series rocket has successfully completed its 234th launch mission at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. This time, it is equipped with the "Quiz" Quantum Experiments at Space Scale. It is the world's first quantum satellite, and it is also the first time humans have communicated between the Earth and outer space through satellites.
The New York TImes commented on the meaning of the Mozi: this is an important step for China to stand at the forefront of quantum research.
At this time, it has only been less than five years since the official establishment of China's quantum satellites. It has only been 13 years since Pan Jianwei proposed to launch quantum satellites in 2003. From the time when Pan Jianwei returned to China, he established China's first control photon. The laboratory of quantum properties is only 15 years old.
Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard proposed the first quantum key distribution protocol in 1984, the BB84 protocol, and Claude in 1948. Elwood Shannon's establishment of modern information theory is only a few decades ago.
If Shannon uses mathematics to define the concept of information, then the BB84 protocol shows the broad prospects and great imagination of quantum theory applied to communication. The information transceiver sets the key through the quantum channel, and based on the uncertainty principle, Any eavesdropper who slams the information will destroy the data so that both parties can find it, which ensures that no one can steal the information without being discovered by the parties.
This is the basis and the biggest advantage of quantum communication. It takes advantage of the ultra-high security of quantum channels and the advantages of information capacity and transmission speed to transmit and receive information. This is the most practical scenario and the most practical and feasible in quantum real world. One of the sexual applications.
In fact, until more than 30 years ago, Feynman proposed the idea of ​​quantum computers. Until more than 100 years ago, in the process of solving the blackbody radiation problem, Planck discovered the phenomenon of radiation quantization. He assumed that energy can only be tiny. The concept of "quantum" was first proposed for release or absorption in energy packs that were different from each other and away from each other. On this basis, after more than half a century of development, quantum theory has flourished. It has five distinct characteristics from classical physics :
Indeterminism
In the Newtonian system, as long as the initial position and velocity of the observed object are known, its trajectory can be predicted. However, in quantum theory, the only thing that can be predicted is the possibility.
Quantum interference
In wave theory, when two coherent wave sources are superimposed, the interference occurs. In quantum theory, even a single particle can exhibit such characteristics. Therefore, quantum interference makes the wave-particle duality exist in all substances. Among them.
Uncertainty
This is the core of quantum theory, that is, we cannot understand the position and momentum of a quantum at the same time, and once we measure the example, we lose it.
Quantum superposition (superposiTIon)
A quantum can be in a linear superposition state of two allowed states at the same time, which means that a quantum can be here or there at the same time. In the process of relation with the external environment, the quantum pole easily loses this characteristic, and the superposition state is quantum. The core goal of computing and quantum communication.
Quantum entanglement
It means that there are multiple quantum strong quantum correlations at the same time. In 1935, Einstein et al. proposed the EPR paradox to question the completeness of quantum theory and tried to replace quantum theory with localized recessive theory. However, 1964 In the year, Bell's inequality proves that any two-class classical association satisfying the RPR hypothesis must be below a certain number, and the quantum of two entangled states does not conform to this inequality. Therefore, quantum entanglement cannot be explained by any classical association, but only A rare quantum world phenomenon.
In the more than 100 years of quantum theory development, we will see that around these elusive phenomena and concepts, those geniuses who are one of the best in human history are eager to defend their own views, and after World War II, quantum These characteristics of theory are another way to help modern scientists build new algorithms and applications, and how to use quantum computing, quantum computing, and other quantum computing to imagine the world.
In history, there has never been a theory like quantum mechanics that has changed the face of the world so far and profoundly, and there has never been a technology that can give such an endless imagination to the future of mankind like quantum communication and quantum computing.
It was not until 1989 that TIm Berners-Lee came up with the idea of ​​the "World Wide Web". The earliest prototype of the Internet, ARPANET, appeared in 1969, but it was not until 1981 that CSNET With the establishment and standardization of the TCP/IP protocol the following year, it really developed rapidly.
Until 1994, the world's first strictly smartphone was born. In 1993, the most primitive search engine in the history of the Internet was born. Before 1956, no one even specialized in artificial intelligence.
The development experience of smartphones and the Internet tells us that technology or products do not have to rely on long-term accumulation and precipitation to achieve great success, in line with the inevitable success of market and consumer demand. The story of artificial intelligence also reveals us how difficult and painful the long process of breaking through the bottleneck of technology itself.
In the past three centuries, the development of quantum computing is not just about the history of science and technology, not just about the history of scientists, not just part of historical puzzles. In a sense, it is history itself. The trajectory constitutes its development and evolution.
First soundOn the night of April 21, 1820, Andersen’s close friend, the first artist who made aluminum in history, and the physicist used by Denmark to name his country’s first artificial satellite, Hans Chris Tian rsted, unintentionally discovered during the experiment. When the current is turned on, the magnetic needle of the compass that is too close to the wire will deflect, and the degree of deflection is so slight that almost no one in the field notices this small detail. However, Oster has realized that this is accidental. Unexpected discoveries shocked the world with electric shocks.
Oster with an assistant conducting an electromagnetic experiment. (Louis Figuier: Les merveilles de la science, ou Description populaire des inventions modernes (1867), page 713)
Grab a chance at this moment, just three months later, Oster delivered a four-page report "Experimenta circa effecturn conflictus electrici" to Latin American universities. In acum magneticam). The son of a pharmacist has subverted the development of physics.
Then the great geniuses of André-Marie Ampère and Michael Faraday have not given up trying to explore the physics behind electromagnetics. By 1831, Faraday finally succeeded in making the machine drive and magnetic force work together to generate electricity. And just this year, James Clerk Maxwell was born in Edinburgh.
Ampere's electromagnetic theory is based on his belief that there is an excess force between the charges, while Faraday insists on close-range effects, however, in Henry Cavendish and Charles Augustin. Under the study of de Coulomb et al., the teleportation was successfully quantified and successfully explained most of the physical phenomena at the time.
In this context, Faraday's concepts of force lines and electrotonic states have not received much attention and attention in the physics community at the time. However, the genius Maxwell quickly realized the importance of Faraday's thought and tried to further explore the relationship behind electromagnetics through mathematical methods.
In 1865, the young Maxwell read his paper "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" at a conference, in which he completely abandoned Newton's mechanical model and completely proposed the electromagnetic field theory. And first proposed the concept of "field". In addition, Maxwell proposed a general equation of electromagnetic field, including 20 equations and 20 variables. Until 1890, Hertz gave the simplification of only four vector equations. equation set.
From a certain point of view, it is the long verification process of Maxwell's thought and its genius equations that promotes the understanding and acceptance of quantum mechanics.
First of all, both factions have invested a great deal of talent and energy in mathematics language and achieved extraordinary achievements, just as Maxwell gave up the use of mechanical models to describe his electromagnetic field, which made his theory open up new theories and application brilliance. Similarly, quantum mechanics abandons the use of words and turns to geometry to describe the natural world and physics.
Secondly, the physicists of quantum mechanics and Maxwell have deeper similarities in the structure of the theoretical system. They divide the universe into two layers. The first layer includes Schrödinger's functional equation, Heisenberg matrix and Dirac's vector state. This layer can be accurately calculated but not observed. The second layer covers the polarization of radiation, quantum spins, etc., which cannot be accurately calculated but can be observed.
Maxwell and quantum mechanics believe that nature is in the pure world of mathematics in the first layer, while human beings exist in the second world of mechanics. Therefore, we cannot describe nature in the second language, but only mathematical language. Make it happen.
The physicist Freeman Dyson commented on Maxwell's achievements: "The greatest importance of Maxwell's theory is not simply to explain and unify electromagnetic phenomena, but to provide prototypes of all the great physical discoveries of the 20th century. These great discoveries are Einstein's theory of relativity and quantum mechanics."
In 1879, Maxwell died, 60 years later, the group of genius physicists who realized the genius of his physical thoughts - they are Erwin Schr?dinger, Werner Karl Heisenberg, It is Paul Dirac—just as the creation god has opened up a new century of quantum mechanics.
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