**Electrical Terminology**
1. **Active Power** – The portion of electrical energy that is actually consumed or converted into useful work during the transmission and distribution of alternating current (AC) power is referred to as active power. It represents the real power used by loads such as motors, heaters, and lighting.
2. **Reactive Power** – This is the portion of electrical energy that is used for creating and maintaining electromagnetic fields in AC circuits, particularly in inductive devices like transformers and motors. Reactive power does not perform useful work but is essential for the operation of many electrical systems.
3. **Power System** – A power system consists of all the components involved in generating, transmitting, and distributing electrical energy. It includes generators, substations, power lines, and end-users. The system ensures a reliable supply of electricity from generation to consumption.
4. **Neutral Point Displacement** – In a three-phase system, when the load is balanced, the neutral point voltage remains zero. However, if the load becomes unbalanced and there is no neutral connection or high impedance in the neutral, the neutral point voltage may shift, causing a phenomenon known as neutral point displacement.
5. **Operation Overvoltage** – Transient voltage increases caused by switching operations, short circuits, or ground faults are called operation overvoltage. These can occur during the opening or closing of circuit breakers and can stress electrical equipment.
6. **Resonant Overvoltage** – This occurs when the inductive and capacitive reactances in a circuit match under certain conditions, leading to a resonance effect. It can cause significant voltage rises and may damage equipment if not controlled.
7. **Electrical Main Wiring** – Also known as the main electrical configuration, it refers to the layout of high-voltage equipment and connections in power plants, substations, and power systems. It determines how electrical energy is transmitted and distributed efficiently.
8. **Double Busbar Connection** – This configuration uses two sets of busbars: one for normal operation and another as a backup. Each circuit is connected to both busbars through switches, allowing for flexibility and reliability in power distribution.
9. **One-and-a-Half Circuit Breaker Wiring** – In this setup, each pair of components (such as a generator and a transmission line) is connected using three circuit breakers. This arrangement enhances system reliability and allows for selective fault isolation.
10. **Plant Power** – Plant power refers to the electricity consumed by auxiliary equipment in a power plant, such as pumps, fans, and control systems. It is essential for the safe and efficient operation of the main power generation equipment.
11. **Plant Power Consumption Rate** – This is the percentage of the total power generated by a power plant that is used for internal operations. It is an important economic indicator for evaluating the efficiency of a power plant.
12. **Frequent Load** – Loads that operate continuously throughout the day, such as those in industrial processes, are classified as frequent loads.
13. **Infrequent Load** – These are loads that operate only during maintenance, accidents, or startup/shutdown of equipment. They are less predictable and require special handling.
14. **Continuous Load** – Loads that operate for more than two hours without interruption are considered continuous. They require careful design and protection to avoid overheating.
15. **Short-Time Load** – These loads operate for a limited period, typically between 10 and 120 minutes. They are common in applications such as motor starting or temporary heating.
16. **Intermittent Load** – Loads that cycle on and off periodically, with each cycle lasting less than 10 minutes, are classified as intermittent. They require robust control systems to manage their operation effectively.
17. **Motor Self-Starting** – When the voltage on the factory busbar drops or disappears, motors may slow down. If the voltage is restored quickly, the motors can automatically restart, a process known as self-starting.
18. **Loss of Magnetism** – This occurs when a synchronous generator loses its excitation, leading to a reduction in its ability to generate power. It can result from sudden failures in the excitation system.
19. **Excitation Control System** – This system manages the excitation of a generator to maintain stable voltage and frequency. It includes components such as the excitation regulator, power unit, and the generator itself.
20. **Self-Excited Static Excitation System** – This system uses a transformer connected to the generator output to provide excitation power. It is called "self-excited" because it draws power directly from the generator, and "static" because it uses fixed components rather than rotating ones.
21. **Transformer** – Transformers are used to step up or step down voltages in electrical systems. They transfer electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction, enabling efficient power transmission and distribution.
22. **SF6 Circuit Breaker** – These breakers use sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas as an insulating and arc-quenching medium. They are known for their high breaking capacity and compact design, though they are more expensive and complex than other types.
23. **Vacuum Circuit Breaker** – These breakers use a vacuum to extinguish arcs, making them highly effective and durable. They are commonly used in low- and medium-voltage systems due to their fast operation and long life.
24. **Working Grounding** – This involves grounding specific points in the power system to ensure stable operation and reduce insulation requirements. It is essential for maintaining system stability and safety.
25. **Lightning Protection Grounding** – This type of grounding protects against lightning strikes by providing a path for the lightning current to flow into the earth. It helps prevent overvoltages that could damage equipment.
26. **Protective Earthing** – Also known as safety grounding, this involves connecting the metal parts of electrical equipment to the earth to prevent electric shocks in case of insulation failure.
27. **Instrument Control Grounding** – This grounding is used in control and monitoring systems to stabilize potential and reduce interference. It ensures accurate measurements and reliable operation of electronic systems.
28. **Grounding Resistance** – This is the resistance encountered when current flows from the grounding electrode into the earth. It is an important factor in determining the effectiveness of a grounding system.
29. **Voltage** – Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points in a circuit. It drives the flow of current and is measured in volts.
30. **Current** – Current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. It is measured in amperes and is essential for powering electrical devices.
31. **Resistance** – Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current in a conductor. It is caused by collisions between free electrons and atoms, and it is measured in ohms.
32. **Rated Current of a Motor** – This is the maximum current a motor can handle continuously under normal operating conditions without overheating.
33. **Power Factor of a Motor** – The power factor is the ratio of active power to apparent power. It indicates how effectively electrical power is being used by the motor.
34. **Rated Voltage of a Motor** – This is the voltage at which the motor is designed to operate under normal conditions. It is specified on the motor's nameplate.
35. **Rated Power of a Motor** – This is the mechanical power output of the motor when operating at its rated voltage, speed, and load.
36. **Rated Speed of a Motor** – This is the speed at which the motor operates when running at its rated voltage, frequency, and load.
37. **Power System Oscillation** – This occurs when the power system experiences instability due to disturbances such as line faults or generator trips. It results in fluctuations in frequency, voltage, and load.
38. **Protective Earthing** – This involves connecting the metal parts of electrical equipment to the earth to protect against electric shock in case of insulation failure.
39. **Protection and Zero Connection** – In a grounded system, the metal parts of electrical equipment are connected to the neutral point. This provides additional protection against electric shock and ensures system safety.
40. **Busbars** – Busbars are conductive bars used to collect and distribute electrical energy within a power system. They connect various components such as generators, transformers, and switchgear.
41. **Short Circuit** – A short circuit occurs when there is a low-impedance connection between two points of different potentials, causing a large increase in current. It can damage equipment and disrupt the power system.
42. **Line Voltage** – This is the voltage between any two phase lines in a three-phase system. It is higher than the phase voltage and is used for power transmission.
43. **Automatic Reclosing** – This is a device that automatically restores power after a fault has been cleared. It helps minimize downtime and improve system reliability.
44. **Breakdown Voltage** – This is the voltage at which an insulating material fails and conducts electricity. It is an important parameter for designing and testing insulation systems.
45. **Direct Current (DC)** – DC is a type of current that flows in one direction and maintains a constant magnitude. It is commonly used in batteries, electronics, and certain types of power systems.
46. **DC Equipment** – This refers to devices that provide direct current for control, protection, and emergency lighting in electrical systems. It is essential for reliable operation of relay protection and control circuits.
47. **Short-Circuit Ratio** – This is the ratio of the excitation current required to produce rated voltage under no-load conditions to the excitation current needed to produce rated current under three-phase symmetrical short-circuit conditions.
48. **Induced Electromotive Force (EMF)** – EMF is generated in a conductor when there is a change in the magnetic flux through the loop it forms. It is the basis for electromagnetic induction and is used in generators and transformers.
49. **Generator Efficiency** – This is the ratio of the output power of a generator to the input power, expressed as a percentage. It indicates how effectively the generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
50. **Axial Current** – Axial currents can occur in turbine generators due to shaft voltages. These currents flow through the bearings and can cause damage if not properly managed.
51. **Generator Auxiliary Protection** – These are additional protective measures that complement the main and backup protection systems. They help detect and respond to faults that may not be covered by primary protection.
52. **Generator Backup Protection** – This is a secondary protection system that activates when the main protection fails. It includes functions such as overcurrent, distance, and composite voltage protection.
53. **Strong Excitation** – This is a rapid increase in the excitation voltage of a generator when the system voltage drops below a certain level. It helps maintain system stability and prevent cascading failures.
54. **Demagnetization** – This is the process of disconnecting the excitation power of a generator and dissipating the stored magnetic energy. It is used to protect the generator from internal faults and overvoltages.
55. **Exciter Voltage Multiple** – This is the ratio of the maximum DC voltage that the exciter can provide to its rated excitation voltage. It indicates the capability of the excitation system to support high-voltage conditions.
56. **Excitation System Voltage Response Ratio** – This measures the dynamic performance of the excitation system by comparing the rate of voltage increase to the rated excitation voltage. It is crucial for maintaining stable system operation.
57. **Split Transformer** – A split transformer has multiple windings and is used to limit short-circuit currents. It is often employed in power systems where fault current levels need to be controlled.
58. **Isolating Switch** – This is a switching device used to isolate circuits for maintenance or safety. It has visible breaks and cannot interrupt load currents, but it can handle small currents.
59. **Non-Excitation Voltage Regulator** – This device adjusts the voltage by changing the tap position of the transformer winding while it is not energized. It is simple and cost-effective but has limited adjustment range.
60. **On-Load Voltage Regulator** – This device adjusts the voltage while the transformer is operating under load. It improves power quality and system reliability by maintaining stable voltage levels.
61. **Primary Equipment** – These are the main components of an electrical system, including generators, transformers, and switchgear. They are responsible for generating, transmitting, and distributing electrical energy.
62. **Primary Circuit** – This refers to the main electrical wiring that connects the generator to the distribution system. It carries the bulk of the electrical power and is critical for system operation.
63. **Secondary Equipment** – These are auxiliary devices used for monitoring, controlling, and protecting the primary equipment. Examples include meters, relays, and control systems.
64. **Secondary Circuit** – This is a circuit that contains secondary equipment and is used for control, measurement, and protection functions. It works in conjunction with the primary circuit to ensure safe and efficient operation.
65. **Low-Voltage Switch** – This is a switching device used for AC and DC circuits with voltages below 1000 volts. It is designed for safe and reliable operation in low-voltage environments.
66. **Contactor** – A contactor is a low-voltage switch used to control high-current loads, such as motors. It is widely used in industrial applications for frequent starting and stopping.
67. **Automatic Air Switch** – This is a complete low-voltage switch that can interrupt both load and short-circuit currents. It is used as the main control device in high-power circuits.
68. **De-Excitation Switch** – This is a DC single-pole air switch used to disconnect the excitation circuit of a generator. It plays a key role in protecting the generator during faults.
69. **Isolating Switch** – This is a switch with a visible break that can isolate circuits for maintenance. It cannot interrupt load currents but is used for safe disconnection of equipment.
70. **High-Voltage Circuit Breaker** – This is a powerful switch capable of interrupting both load and short-circuit currents in high-voltage systems. It is essential for protecting the power grid from faults.
71. **Arc Suppression Coil** – This is an adjustable inductor used to reduce the current during a single-phase ground fault. It helps prevent arcing and minimizes damage to the system.
72. **Reactor** – A reactor is an inductive coil used to limit short-circuit currents in a circuit. It is commonly used in power systems to improve stability and protect equipment.
73. **Eddy Current Phenomenon** – Eddy currents are induced circulating currents in a conductor exposed to a changing magnetic field. They can cause energy losses and heating in the material.
74. **Eddy Current Loss** – This is the energy lost due to the resistance of the core material to eddy currents. It results in heat generation and reduces the efficiency of electrical devices.
75. **Small Current Grounding System** – In this system, the neutral point is either ungrounded or grounded through an arc suppression coil. It is used to limit ground fault currents and improve system reliability.
76. **Large Current Grounding System** – This system has a directly grounded neutral point, allowing large ground fault currents to flow. It is used in high-voltage systems for faster fault detection and clearance.
77. **Armature Reaction** – This is the effect of the armature current on the main magnetic field of a generator. It alters the magnetic field and affects the performance of the machine.
78. **Asynchronous Motor** – Also known as an induction motor, it operates based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Its rotor rotates at a speed slightly less than the rotating magnetic field, hence the term "asynchronous."
79. **Synchronous Speed** – This is the speed of the rotating magnetic field in an asynchronous motor. It depends on the number of poles and the frequency of the supply.
80. **Slip Rate** – This is the difference between the synchronous speed and the actual rotor speed, expressed as a percentage. It indicates how much the rotor lags behind the magnetic field.
81. **Star-Delta Starting** – This is a method of starting a motor by initially connecting the stator windings in a star configuration and then switching to a delta configuration once the motor reaches a certain speed. It reduces the starting current.
82. **Absorption Ratio** – This is the ratio of the insulation resistance measured after 60 seconds to that measured after 15 seconds when a DC voltage is applied. It is used to assess the condition of insulation materials.
83. **Working Grounding** – This involves grounding specific points in the power system to ensure safe and reliable operation. It prevents dangerous voltages from appearing during faults.
84. **Protective Earthing** – This is the practice of connecting the metal parts of electrical equipment to the earth to prevent electric shocks in case of insulation failure.
85. **Protection and Zero Connection** – In a grounded system, the metal parts of electrical equipment are connected to the neutral line. This provides an additional layer of protection against electric shock.
86. **Arc** – An arc is a continuous electrical discharge that occurs between two electrodes. It is characterized by high temperature and light emission.
87. **Phase Sequence** – This refers to the order in which the phases of a three-phase system reach their peak values. It determines the direction of rotation in motors and the behavior of the system during faults.
88. **Relay Starting Current** – This is the minimum current required to activate a relay. It ensures that the relay operates correctly under fault conditions.
89. **Current Relay** – This is a relay that responds to changes in current. It is used to detect and respond to overcurrent conditions in electrical systems.
90. **Voltage Relay** – This is a relay that responds to changes in voltage. It is used to protect equipment from overvoltage or undervoltage conditions.
91. **Fast Relays** – These are relays that operate in less than 10 milliseconds. They are used in critical applications where rapid fault detection and clearance are necessary.
92. **Quick-Break Protection** – This is a type of protection that acts immediately when a fault is detected, without any time delay. It is used to quickly isolate faulty sections of the system.
93. **Differential Protection** – This is a protection scheme that compares the current entering and leaving a protected zone. It detects internal faults and initiates tripping to isolate the affected area.
94. **Zero-Sequence Protection** – This is a protection method that detects ground faults by monitoring zero-sequence currents and voltages. It is used to protect against unbalanced conditions in the system.
95. **Distance Protection** – This is a protection scheme that measures the impedance between the fault location and the protection relay. It is used to detect and clear faults at different distances along the line.
96. **Automatic Reclosing** – This is a device that automatically reconnects the circuit after a fault has been cleared. It helps restore power quickly and improves system reliability.
97. **Integrated Reclosing** – This is a type of automatic reclosing that handles both single-phase and three-phase faults. It ensures that the correct number of phases are reconnected after a fault.
98. **Acceleration After Reclosing** – This is a feature that causes the protection system to act more quickly after a fault is reclosed. It helps prevent repeated faults and improves system stability.
99. **Protection** – Protection systems are designed to detect and isolate faults in the power system. They ensure the safety of equipment and maintain the stability of the grid.
100. **Backup Protection** – This is a secondary protection system that activates when the main protection fails. It provides an additional layer of security against faults and equipment damage.
101. **Power Factor** – This is the ratio of active power to apparent power. It indicates how effectively electrical power is being used in a system.
102. **Switching Operation** – This refers to the process of changing the state of electrical equipment or altering the mode of operation of a system. It includes tasks such as turning equipment on or off, changing configurations, and adjusting settings.
103. **No-Load Loss** – This is the power consumed by a transformer when one winding is energized and the others are open. It represents the losses in the core due to hysteresis and eddy currents.
104. **No-Load Current** – This is the current drawn by a transformer when it is operating under no-load conditions. It is primarily the magnetizing current required to establish the main flux in the core.
105. **Short-Circuit Loss** – This is the power loss in a transformer when one winding is short-circuited and the other is supplied with rated current. It represents the copper losses in the windings.
106. **Short-Circuit Voltage** – This is the voltage required to produce rated current in a transformer when one winding is short-circuited. It reflects the impedance of the transformer and is used to determine its performance under fault conditions.
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