**Electrical Terminology**
1. **Active Power** – This is the portion of electrical energy that is actually consumed or converted into useful work during the transmission and distribution of alternating current (AC) power. It is measured in watts (W).
2. **Reactive Power** – This refers to the energy that is temporarily stored and then released in the form of magnetic or electric fields within an AC circuit. It is essential for the operation of inductive and capacitive devices but does not perform any actual work. Measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR).
3. **Power System** – A power system consists of all the components involved in generating, transmitting, and distributing electricity, including generators, transformers, transmission lines, substations, and consumers. It ensures the reliable delivery of electrical energy.
4. **Neutral Point Displacement** – In a three-phase system, if the load is unbalanced and there is no neutral connection or the neutral has high impedance, the voltage at the neutral point may shift, causing a phenomenon known as neutral point displacement.
5. **Operation Overvoltage** – This occurs when a sudden change in the system, such as switching operations or faults, causes a temporary increase in voltage. These overvoltages can stress insulation and damage equipment.
6. **Resonant Overvoltage** – This happens when the inductive and capacitive reactances in a circuit align to create resonance, leading to a significant voltage rise. It can occur due to switching or faults and may cause equipment failure.
7. **Electrical Main Wiring** – This refers to the primary configuration of electrical connections in a power plant or substation. It determines how power flows between different components and must meet operational and safety requirements.
8. **Double Busbar Connection** – This system uses two sets of busbars, allowing flexibility in power distribution. Each circuit connects to both busbars through switches, enabling maintenance without interrupting service.
9. **One-and-a-Half Circuit Breaker Wiring** – This configuration uses three circuit breakers for two circuits, providing redundancy and reliability. It is often used in high-voltage applications where continuous power supply is critical.
10. **Plant Power** – This refers to the electrical power required to operate auxiliary equipment in a power plant, such as pumps, fans, and lighting. It includes power for starting, running, and maintaining the main equipment.
11. **Plant Power Consumption Rate** – This is the percentage of total power generated by the plant that is used internally for plant operations. It is an important economic indicator for efficiency.
12. **Frequent Load** – Loads that operate continuously throughout the day, such as motors driving production lines.
13. **Infrequent Load** – Loads that are only used during maintenance, emergencies, or startup/shutdown processes.
14. **Continuous Load** – Loads that operate for more than two hours continuously.
15. **Short-Time Load** – Loads that operate for 10 to 120 minutes before being disconnected.
16. **Intermittent Load** – Loads that cycle on and off repeatedly, with each cycle lasting less than 10 minutes.
17. **Motor Self-Starting** – When the voltage on the factory bus drops or is lost, a motor may slow down. If the voltage is restored quickly, the motor can restart automatically, a process known as self-starting.
18. **Loss of Magnetism** – This occurs when a synchronous generator loses its excitation, causing it to lose synchronism and potentially damaging the system.
19. **Excitation Control System** – This system regulates the excitation of a generator to maintain stable voltage and frequency. It includes the excitation regulator, power unit, and the generator itself.
20. **Self-Excited Static Excitation System** – This system uses a transformer connected to the generator output to provide excitation power. It is called "self-excited" because it draws power from the generator itself.
21. **Transformers** – These devices transfer electrical energy between circuits using electromagnetic induction. They step up or step down voltage and isolate circuits for safety.
22. **SF6 Circuit Breaker** – Uses sulfur hexafluoride gas to extinguish arcs, offering excellent insulation and arc-quenching properties. It is compact and efficient but expensive.
23. **Vacuum Circuit Breaker** – Uses vacuum as the arc-quenching medium. It is fast, durable, and widely used in low- and medium-voltage systems.
24. **Working Grounding** – Ensures the stability of the power system by grounding the neutral point of transformers or generators. It helps reduce insulation requirements.
25. **Lightning Protection Grounding** – Connects lightning rods and arresters to the earth to safely dissipate lightning currents and prevent overvoltage.
26. **Protective Earthing** – Connects metal parts of electrical equipment to the ground to protect against electric shocks in case of insulation failure.
27. **Instrument Control Grounding** – Ensures accurate measurements and prevents interference in control and monitoring systems by stabilizing potential differences.
28. **Grounding Resistance** – The resistance encountered when current flows into the earth through a grounding electrode. It affects the effectiveness of grounding systems.
29. **Voltage** – The difference in electric potential between two points, which drives current through a circuit.
30. **Current** – The flow of electric charge through a conductor under the influence of an electric field.
31. **Rated Current of a Motor** – The maximum current a motor can handle continuously under normal operating conditions.
32. **Power Factor of a Motor** – The ratio of real power (in watts) to apparent power (in volt-amperes), indicating the efficiency of power usage.
33. **Rated Voltage of a Motor** – The line-to-line voltage at which the motor is designed to operate.
34. **Rated Power of a Motor** – The mechanical power output of the motor under rated conditions.
35. **Rated Speed of a Motor** – The speed at which the motor operates under rated voltage, frequency, and load.
36. **Power System Oscillation** – Sudden changes in system frequency, voltage, or load can cause oscillations, affecting stability and performance.
37. **Protective Earthing** – Connecting the metal parts of equipment to the ground to prevent electric shock in case of fault.
38. **Protection and Zero Connection** – In grounded systems, connecting equipment to the neutral point to ensure safety and proper operation.
39. **Busbars** – Conductors that collect and distribute electrical power in a system. They serve as nodes for connecting generators, transformers, and other equipment.
40. **Short Circuit** – A low-impedance connection between two points of different potentials, causing excessive current flow and potential damage.
41. **Line Voltage** – The voltage between any two phase conductors in a three-phase system.
42. **Automatic Reclosing** – A device that automatically restores power after a fault is cleared, improving system reliability.
43. **Breakdown Voltage** – The voltage at which an insulating material fails and allows current to pass through.
44. **Direct Current (DC)** – Current that flows in one direction and maintains a constant magnitude.
45. **DC Equipment** – Devices that provide DC power for control, protection, and emergency lighting in electrical systems.
46. **Short-Circuit Ratio** – A measure of a generator’s ability to supply short-circuit current relative to its rated capacity.
47. **Induced Electromotive Force (EMF)** – The voltage generated in a conductor when it moves through a magnetic field or when the magnetic flux through it changes.
48. **Generator Efficiency** – The ratio of the generator’s output power to the input power, expressed as a percentage.
49. **Axial Current** – A current that flows along the shaft of a turbine generator due to induced voltages, potentially causing bearing damage.
50. **Generator Auxiliary Protection** – Additional protection measures for large generators, covering situations not addressed by main or backup protection.
51. **Generator Backup Protection** – Provides secondary protection in case the main protection fails, including overcurrent, distance, and impedance protection.
52. **Strong Excitation** – A rapid increase in excitation voltage when the system voltage drops, helping to stabilize the generator.
53. **Demagnetization** – The process of rapidly disconnecting the excitation supply to a generator to prevent damage from internal faults or overvoltage.
54. **Exciter Voltage Multiple** – The ratio of the maximum DC voltage a generator’s exciter can provide to its rated excitation voltage.
55. **Excitation System Voltage Response Ratio** – Measures how quickly the excitation system responds to changes in voltage, crucial for dynamic performance.
56. **Split Transformer** – A multi-winding transformer that limits short-circuit currents while allowing normal power transfer between windings.
57. **Isolating Switch** – A switch that provides a visible gap between contacts, used to isolate circuits for maintenance or safety.
58. **Non-Excitation Voltage Regulator** – Adjusts the tap position of a transformer without energizing it, used for limited voltage regulation.
59. **On-Load Voltage Regulator** – Allows voltage adjustment while the transformer is energized, improving power quality and system stability.
60. **Primary Equipment** – Directly involved in generating, transmitting, and distributing electricity, such as generators, transformers, and circuit breakers.
61. **Primary Circuit** – The main electrical path from the generator to the consumer, including transformers and transmission lines.
62. **Secondary Equipment** – Monitoring, measuring, and protective devices used to support primary equipment, such as relays, meters, and control systems.
63. **Secondary Circuit** – A circuit that connects secondary equipment, used for control, signaling, and protection functions.
64. **Low-Voltage Switch** – A switch used to control circuits with voltages below 1000 volts, commonly found in industrial and residential settings.
65. **Contactor** – A remote-controlled switch used to start and stop motors, capable of handling high currents.
66. **Automatic Air Switch** – A circuit breaker that can interrupt both load and short-circuit currents, used in low-voltage systems.
67. **De-Excitation Switch** – A DC switch used to disconnect the excitation circuit of a generator, ensuring safe shutdown.
68. **Isolating Switch** – A switch that provides a visible break in the circuit, used for isolating equipment during maintenance.
69. **High-Voltage Circuit Breaker** – A powerful switch used to open and close high-voltage circuits, capable of interrupting short-circuit currents.
70. **Arc Suppression Coil** – An adjustable inductor used to limit ground fault currents in ungrounded systems, reducing arc effects.
71. **Reactor** – An inductive coil used to limit short-circuit currents and stabilize voltage in power systems.
72. **Eddy Current Phenomenon** – Induced currents that circulate within a conductor when exposed to changing magnetic fields, causing energy loss.
73. **Eddy Current Loss** – Energy lost as heat due to eddy currents in a magnetic core, reducing system efficiency.
74. **Small Current Grounding System** – A system where the neutral point is either ungrounded or grounded through an arc suppression coil.
75. **Large Current Grounding System** – A system where the neutral point is directly grounded, providing better fault protection.
76. **Armature Reaction** – The effect of armature current on the main magnetic field of a generator, altering its performance.
77. **Asynchronous Motor** – Also known as an induction motor, it operates based on the interaction between a rotating magnetic field and the rotor.
78. **Synchronous Speed** – The speed of the rotating magnetic field in an asynchronous motor, determined by the number of poles and frequency.
79. **Slip Rate** – The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual rotor speed, expressed as a percentage.
80. **Star-Delta Starting** – A method of starting a motor by initially connecting the stator windings in a star configuration and then switching to delta once it reaches full speed.
81. **Absorption Ratio** – The ratio of the insulation resistance measured at 60 seconds to that measured at 15 seconds, used to assess insulation condition.
82. **Working Grounding** – Grounding at a specific point in the system to ensure safe operation and prevent high voltage from equipment faults.
83. **Protective Earthing** – Connecting non-current-carrying parts of equipment to the ground to prevent electric shock.
84. **Protection and Zero Connection** – In grounded systems, connecting equipment to the neutral line for safety and fault protection.
85. **Arc** – A continuous discharge of electricity between two conductors, often caused by a breakdown in insulation.
86. **Phase Sequence** – The order in which the phases of a three-phase system reach their peak values, typically ABC for positive sequence and ACB for negative.
87. **Relay Operating Current** – The minimum current required to activate a relay, initiating a protective action.
88. **Current Relay** – A relay that operates based on the current flowing through its coil.
89. **Voltage Relay** – A relay that operates based on the voltage applied to its coil.
90. **Fast Relays** – Relays that respond in less than 10 milliseconds, used for rapid fault detection and isolation.
91. **Quick-Break Protection** – A protection scheme that acts instantaneously when a fault is detected, without time delay.
92. **Differential Protection** – A protection method that compares currents entering and leaving a protected zone to detect internal faults.
93. **Zero-Sequence Protection** – Detects ground faults by monitoring zero-sequence currents and voltages unique to such faults.
94. **Distance Protection** – A protection type that detects faults based on the impedance between the protection location and the fault point.
95. **Automatic Reclosing** – A device that automatically restores power after a fault is cleared, improving system reliability.
96. **Integrated Reclosing** – A reclosing method that selectively recloses single-phase faults and trips all phases for phase-to-phase faults.
97. **Reclosing Acceleration** – A feature that increases the speed of protection action after a fault is re-closed, preventing further damage.
98. **Protection** – A system that identifies and isolates faults quickly to maintain system stability and protect equipment.
99. **Backup Protection** – Provides additional protection in case the main protection fails or the circuit breaker does not operate.
100. **Power Factor** – The ratio of active power to apparent power, indicating how effectively electrical power is being used.
101. **Switching Operation** – The process of changing the state or mode of operation of electrical equipment, such as opening or closing circuits.
102. **No-Load Loss** – The power consumed by a transformer when one winding is energized and the others are open, representing core losses.
103. **No-Load Current** – The current drawn by a transformer when it is unloaded, primarily used for magnetizing the core.
104. **Short-Circuit Loss** – The power lost in a transformer when one winding is shorted and the other is supplied with rated current, representing copper losses.
105. **Short-Circuit Voltage** – The voltage required to produce rated current in a shorted winding, reflecting the transformer’s impedance characteristics.
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