Vein recognition is a biometric identification technology known for its high level of security. It works by utilizing the hemoglobin in blood to absorb infrared light, allowing an infrared CCD camera to capture images of the veins in the fingers, palms, and back of the hand. These images are then mapped based on the unique distribution of veins. Advanced algorithms extract feature values and store the digital images of the veins in a computer system. When vein recognition is needed, the device captures a real-time vein map, extracts feature values, and applies techniques like filtering, image binarization, and refinement to identify the individual and confirm their identity.
This technology has four key characteristics: high security, ease of use, fast identification, and high accuracy. The probability of two people having the same vein structure is 3.4 billion to one, making each person's vein pattern unique. Moreover, this internal data remains unaffected by factors such as skin damage or environmental conditions. Importantly, vein recognition requires the body to be alive, ensuring that it cannot be faked using dead tissue.
Sun Zhenan, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and secretary of the China Association of Artificial Intelligence’s Pattern Recognition Committee, explains that vein recognition uses the absorption properties of hemoglobin in blood under near-infrared light. This creates a black-and-white contrast between the veins and surrounding tissues, allowing clear visualization of the vascular structure.
Unlike traditional fingerprint recognition, which depends on finger moisture and integrity, vein recognition is not affected by wetness, dirt, or minor injuries. Additionally, no physical contact is required with the device during the process, making it both convenient and hygienic. Sun Zhenan notes that the entire identification process can take just one or two seconds.
Currently, vein recognition focuses on the fingers, palms, and backs of hands because near-infrared light can easily penetrate the skin to image these areas. Other parts of the body have less dense vein structures, making them harder to image.
Palm vein recognition involves capturing images of the palm using an infrared-sensitive camera. The shadow of the blood vessels is recorded, and the image is digitally processed to create a vein pattern. A complex algorithm then matches this pattern against a database to identify the individual.
Finger vein recognition is another form of this technology. It uses near-infrared light to capture images of the finger veins, which are then stored in a computer system. Feature values are extracted and used for comparison. Finger vein recognition is internationally recognized for its uniqueness, with a false acceptance rate (FAR) of less than one in 10,000 and a false rejection rate of less than one in 100,000.
Hitachi began researching finger vein authentication in 1997, and by 2002, they released the first commercial product. Despite its high accuracy, the imaging cost has limited its widespread adoption. However, companies like Zhuhai Yi have made progress in reducing costs and improving applications.
While palm vein recognition offers higher security, it is slower due to the larger number of images involved. Finger vein recognition, though slightly slower in some cases, offers faster response times and high precision. Both technologies are widely used in access control systems, with palm vein being more suitable for fixed installations and finger vein for mobile applications.
In recent years, several policies have promoted the use of vein recognition. In 2015, the central bank issued guidelines requiring biometric features for real-name verification. In 2016, major banks collaborated with Guangdian Express to develop industry standards for vein recognition in finance. Educational institutions also began incorporating vein recognition into exams to prevent fraud.
The release of GB/T 33135-2016 in 2016 marked a significant step toward standardizing vein recognition systems. Similarly, Guangdong Province developed application standards for social security, aiming to use finger vein technology for pension verification.
Looking ahead, vein recognition will play a vital role in various sectors. In prisons, it can enhance access control and reduce the risk of unauthorized entry. In education, it can prevent exam fraud and improve efficiency. In social security, it can help eliminate pension fraud and save resources. In banking, it can secure vaults, ATMs, and data centers, offering a safer alternative to traditional methods.
Several companies are leading the development of vein recognition technology. Tongyuan Micro-Intelligence offers intelligent terminals with high security and precision, suitable for critical infrastructure. Fujitsu specializes in palm vein recognition, providing solutions for banking, healthcare, and public services. Yi Times Technology develops open modules and hardware for access control, locks, and attendance systems. Shenzhen Pulse Technology focuses on finger vein imaging modules and devices, contributing to the growth of the industry.
As the demand for secure and efficient identification grows, vein recognition is set to become a key player in the future of biometric technology.
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