Fast charging is a method that can bring a battery to or near a full charge within 1 to 5 hours. It is commonly used for traction batteries that require rapid recharging in a short period of time. While standard charging may take around 10 to 20 hours, the challenge lies in achieving fast charging without compromising the battery’s performance or lifespan. This has become a key area of research and development in the field of energy storage.
Circuit Characteristics:
1. Once the output voltage is set (e.g., 36V), if the battery terminals are disconnected or a fault occurs, such as a short circuit or failure of a single cell, the terminal voltage of the battery will drop or reach zero. In such cases, the charger will not produce any output current.
2. If the battery voltage deviates from the set value—for example, if a 24V battery is mistakenly connected to a 36V charger, or vice versa—the charger will also not provide current. This is because the charger's output voltage must match or exceed the battery voltage to initiate charging. Additionally, if the charger’s output terminals are short-circuited, the thyristor SCR trigger circuit will not function, preventing conduction and resulting in no output current.
3. Reversing the polarity of the battery during use can cause the thyristor trigger circuit to fail. This leads to no triggering signal, which prevents the thyristor from conducting and results in zero output current.
4. Pulse charging is an effective technique that helps extend battery life. After full-wave rectification, the low-voltage AC becomes pulsating DC. The thyristor only conducts when the peak voltage exceeds the battery voltage. During the valley of the pulsating DC, the thyristor turns off, stopping the charging process. This creates a pulsating DC current that is gentler on the battery.
5. Fast charging with automatic shut-off is another advantage. Initially, the battery voltage is low, so the charging current is high. As the battery approaches full charge (e.g., reaching 44V for a 36V battery), the charging current decreases and transitions to trickle charging. When the battery voltage matches the peak of the rectified output, the charging stops automatically. Testing shows that a 36V (12V/12Ah three-cell series) battery can be fully charged in just a few hours using this system.
6. The circuit design is simple, cost-effective, and requires minimal maintenance, making it ideal for practical applications.
Principle and Application of Fast Charging Technology:
In general, a mobile phone typically takes about 3 hours to fully charge. Although this time isn’t extremely long, people often feel it’s too slow in urgent situations. Previously, users would carry extra power banks or connect directly to external power sources. However, with the development of fast charging technology, phones can now achieve over 50% charge in just 30 minutes, significantly reducing overall charging time.
What is fast charging technology? What types of fast charging methods exist? This article explores the principles and real-world applications of fast charging technologies.
Understanding Mobile Phone Batteries:
Before diving into fast charging, it’s important to understand the battery that powers your phone. Most modern smartphones use lithium-ion batteries, which are rechargeable secondary batteries. While many people refer to them simply as "lithium batteries," this is technically incorrect. Lithium batteries are primary batteries that cannot be recharged, while lithium-ion batteries are designed for multiple charge-discharge cycles.
Lithium-ion batteries work by moving lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. During discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode, generating current. During charging, the ions move back, restoring the battery’s capacity.
Battery Labeling and Meaning:
Batteries that meet safety standards come with clear labeling. Understanding these labels helps users interpret the battery’s specifications. Common symbols include:
- A (Amps): Measures the current.
- V (Volts): Indicates the voltage.
- W (Watts): Represents electrical power, calculated as V × A.
- Wh (Watt-hours): Shows how much energy the battery can deliver in one hour.
- mAh (Milliampere-hours): Expresses battery capacity, commonly used for small devices like phones.
For example, a 2,000mAh battery can supply 200mA for 10 hours. However, due to self-discharge and other factors, actual usage time may be slightly less than the rated value.
[Image: Battery with "Lithium" label – non-rechargeable, disposable battery.]
[Image: Battery labeled 2,900 mAh, 3.85V – capable of delivering 11.2Wh per hour.]
[Image: Battery with 7.2V and 1200mAh – calculated Wh = 7.2 × 1200 / 1000 = 8.64Wh.]
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