Introduction of activities of amateur radio stations in various countries
According to statistics of 123 member countries and regions of the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) in 1986, the total number of amateur radio stations in the world at that time was 1649,000, of which more than 10,000 and countries are shown in Table 1-2.
The development process of amateur radio in various countries has quite a story. If you choose a typical one to introduce one or two readers, you can also see its development law.
1. Japan
The most active country in the world of amateur radio, it was the United States until the 1970s, and in the 1980s, neighboring Japan became
Table 1-2 Countries with more than 10,000 amateur radio stations
Number of country names Number of country names Number of country names Number of country names Japan 674634 Brazil 46000 Argentina 35000 France 15000
United States 418605 Former Soviet Union 45000 Italy 31003 Netherlands 13935
Former West Germany 54321 Indonesia 40000 Canada 23600 Denmark 11000
United Kingdom 53000 Spain 36137 Australia 15941 Sweden 10862
The most active country in the world currently, according to the statistics of the country ’s postal department: As of the end of December 1991, there were 1 110 086 amateur radio stations, and a total of 2 246 371 people participated in this activity. The population of Japan is 11.489.8 million (statistics in 1978), its penetration rate is about 2%, and an average of 103 people have an amateur radio station.
Looking back on the Japanese amateur radio activity, which has a history of 68 years, on March 22, 1925, the first amateur radio station in the country, QSO (direct communication), was completed between JAZZ and Kasahara (JFMT). In December 1926, Japanese amateurs founded the "Japan Amateur Radio Union (JARL)" organization, with a total of 37 members. However, at that time, the government of the country had very strict management of this activity, and applications for installing amateur radio stations must be strictly approved by the state and passed the examination. The "private wireless experimental station" license was issued. Therefore, by the end of 1936, there were only 232 amateur radio stations nationwide. . As of the eve of the Second World War, there were 331 amateur radio stations in the country. When the Pacific War began, amateur radio activities were banned in the country. JARL is only good for hibernation. After Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945, although the wartime radio control was lifted and people were allowed to listen to short-wave broadcasts, because Japan was under the military control of the US military, it was not allowed to carry out amateur radio activities, and freedom to launch was not restored. There are JA amateur radio onair, these are personal amateur radio stations of the US military stationed in Japan.
On August 11, 1946, Japanese amateurs held the JARL re-establishment conference in Tokyo, selected Yagi Hideki, the founder of Yagi Ant (YAGI ANT), as the chairman. In September of the same year, JARL ’s institutional magazine CQ HAM Radio was published.
From 1947 to 1951, JARL repeatedly applied to the US Army Command in Japan and the Radio Wave Appraisal Committee of the country to request the opening of amateur radio. Taking advantage of the "Radio Wave Law" promulgated by the Japanese government in 1950, amateur radio activities were finally permitted in September 1952 Therefore, there has been a blank period of about ten years in the Japan Amateur Radio Union. At the beginning of Japan's opening of amateur radio activities after the war, only four channels in the 3.5MHz and 7MHz bands were opened for amateur communications. Although barely approved 30 amateur radio stations at that time, due to the low frequency and serious interference, JARL repeatedly negotiated with the radio control department of the country, and all the amateur frequencies of 3.5MHz and 7MHz were not opened until November 1954.
The "Radio Wave Law" promulgated in 1950 stipulates that amateur radio check-in personnel are divided into two grades, one and two, subject to examination by the State Post Administration. The first post-war qualification examination for radio check-in was conducted in June 1951. A total of 316 people took the exam, with 47 passing the first level and 59 passing the second level. The pass rate is very low, only 33.5%. Qualification examinations are only held in April and October each year. JARL supervises such qualification examination methods to hinder the development of amateur radio. In order to spread scientific and technological knowledge to young people across the country, it is strongly required that the National Radio Regulatory Bureau should learn the American method and increase Novice's graded amateur check-in staff. This opinion was adopted. In addition to the original first and second qualifications, the junior amateur radio check-in qualification examination for telegrams and telephones was newly added in 1958. Therefore, the number of young students in the country taking the exam and applying for the establishment of amateur radio stations Dramatic increase. In April 1959, the first national examination for elementary check-in personnel was conducted, with 735 candidates at the telegraph level, 447 qualified, and 8276 at the telephone level, and 5887 qualified. Therefore, by December 1960, amateur radio stations had grown to 14,529.
In November 1989, the country promulgated the "New Radio Law". In May 1990, the original telegraph-level and telephone-level check-in names were changed to the third-level and fourth-level check-in personnel, respectively. Therefore, the Japanese amateur radio license is divided into four levels, according to different levels, there are also differences in the range of radio equipment used, the form of radio waves, the operating frequency band and the output power of the antenna. Level 1 and Level 2 allow the use of all amateur frequency bands and various forms of radio communication equipment. As for the output power of Level 1 below 500W and Level 2 below 100W, Level 3 and Level 4 only allow the use of frequency bands above 21MHz and below 8MHz The maximum output power is 10W (the third level is changed to 25W), the third level is dedicated to telegraph, and the fourth level is dedicated to telephone. At the time, the newly established amateur radio station, like the general service radio station, had to submit a variety of application forms and equipment drawings and other materials to the national radio wave appraisal bureau. After approval, the machine equipment was installed, and it must be approved by the department for formal use. Too complicated.
In order to meet the rapid increase of amateur radio stations, JARL asked the Radio Wave Bureau to simplify the procedures. In 1959, under the approval of the postal minister of the country, JARL was changed to a "corporate legal person" organization. Thereafter, JARL was responsible for the inspection of amateur radio equipment under 10W. And from February 1984, JARL is also responsible for the completion inspection of amateur stations under 100W. Due to JARL's unremitting efforts, it is now not only easy to set up amateur radio stations, but also able to carry out amateur radio communications in a wide range of amateur bands.
In the 1940s, most of the transceiver equipment of Japanese amateur radio stations was self-made. With the rapid development of industry in the country, the purchasing power of the people has increased, and the price of commodity transceivers is as cheap as that of televisions. Therefore, most Japanese amateur radio stations now use commodity transceivers and antenna equipment. Therefore, they are more advanced in technology. In addition to conventional CW (telegram) and SSB (single sideband telephone) communications, they also carry out RTTY (radio transmission), SSTV (slow scan television), relay communications and amateur satellite communications. Following the launch of JAS-1 Japan Amateur Communication Satellite in February 1986, the country launched JAS-1b Japan Amateur Communication Satellite on February 7, 1990 to improve amateur radio communication technology and achieve it through amateur radio activities. Promote international friendly exchanges. The performance of JAS-1b is shown in Table 1-3.
Table 1-3 Performance of Japan Amateur Communication Satellite JAS-1b
Launch time for a launch vehicle for heavy orbit launches. The shape of the altitude is 50kg. The angle is about 900km. The oval is 99 degrees. H-1 February 7, 1990
The 1992 White Paper on Communications published by the Japan Post Ministry published some information about Japanese amateur radio stations, such as Tables 1-4 and 1-5. It can be seen from the amateur radio exhibition in the country in recent years.
Table 1-4 Changes in the number of Japanese radio stations
Annual increase in the number of amateur radio stations Annual increase in the number of amateur radio stations 1980 485 530 1 1986 749 414 1 543
1981 523 021 1 077 1987 825 153 1 699
1982 550 338 1 133 1988 916 904 1 888
1983 574 581 1 183 1989 1 027 101 2 115
1984 596 953 1 229 1990 1 101 431 2 268
1985 703 204 1 448 1991 (December) 1 180 086 2 43
Table 1-5 Changes in the number of Japanese amateur radio check-in staff
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 (December)
First Check-in 12 070 12 615 13 159 13 581 14 003 14 688
Second Check-in 46 749 48 244 49 803 51 775 54 675 54 479
Third check-in 84 399 89 313 94 288 98 895 114 026 117 068
Fourth Check-in 1 327 895 1 457 976 1 601 688 1760 072 1 919 683 2 057 136
Subtotal 1 471 113 1 608 128 1 758 918 1 924 323 2 102 387 2 246 371
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