The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a dominant trend in the field of information technology. Smart devices now serve as carriers for sensors, enabling seamless interaction between people, machines, and the cloud. These devices are increasingly integrated with artificial intelligence (AI), giving them "wisdom" and human-like perception capabilities. As the IoT continues to expand, sensor technology plays a central role in various sectors such as healthcare, urban planning, and transportation.
In China, over 1,700 companies are engaged in the research, production, and application of sensors. The industry is well-established, offering more than 6,000 varieties across 10 categories and 42 subcategories. From smart homes to industrial automation, sensors are at the core of modern technological advancement. In 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued a policy proposal, while the Chinese Academy of Engineering launched 16 projects, including the industrialization of MEMS sensors, aiming to support the “Made in China 2025†initiative.
As more devices benefit from the second wave of sensor innovation, the next generation of engineers, entrepreneurs, and creators must explore the vast opportunities presented by the data-driven world.
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**1. Introduction to Smart Sensors**
**1.1 The Concept of Smart Sensors**
The concept of smart sensors was first introduced by NASA during spacecraft development in 1979. According to the IEEE Association, smart sensors are devices capable of providing controlled or perceived measurements, which can be easily integrated into network environments. In the book *Modern New Sensors Principles and Applications*, smart sensors are defined as those equipped with microprocessors that combine detection, memory, and logical decision-making capabilities.
Although no universally accepted definition exists, it is widely recognized that smart sensors have automatic data collection, processing, self-diagnosis, and self-adaptation features. These characteristics make them essential components in modern technological systems.
**1.2 Intelligent Sensor Functions**
- **Self-Compensation and Self-Diagnosis**: Embedded microprocessors allow smart sensors to perform internal diagnostics, identifying and reporting issues without external intervention.
- **Information Storage and Memory**: They can store historical data and key parameters, enhancing the performance of connected systems.
- **Self-Learning and Adaptive Capabilities**: Through advanced programming, these sensors can learn from their environment and adjust their behavior accordingly.
- **Digital Output**: Integrated analog-to-digital conversion enables direct digital signal output, reducing the burden on controllers.
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**2. Application Fields and Development Status of Intelligent Sensors**
**2.1 Civil Engineering**
China, being a major civil engineering country, faces challenges such as aging infrastructure and environmental wear. Smart sensors play a crucial role in monitoring bridges, dams, and power systems. Researchers like Zhou Zhi and Ou Jinping have developed fiber grating sensors for real-time structural health monitoring, achieving successful applications in bridge construction.
**2.2 Medicine**
In biomedicine, medical sensors are critical components in diagnostic instruments. Their accuracy, reliability, and miniaturization reflect the level of sensor technology. Wearable and implantable smart sensors, such as those developed by Sun Yat-sen University, enable real-time health monitoring and early disease detection.
**2.3 Cars and Traffic**
Intelligent transportation systems rely heavily on smart sensors for real-time data collection and traffic management. Systems like TPMS monitor tire pressure and temperature, while infrared sensors help autonomous vehicles avoid obstacles. Smart sensors also enhance the stability of personal mobility devices like balance bikes.
**2.4 Military and National Defense**
In military applications, smart sensors improve battlefield awareness and reconnaissance. For example, U.S. Marine Corps robots use sensors for diving and terrain mapping, supporting amphibious operations and covert missions.
**2.5 Home Appliances**
Smart air conditioners and wearable devices integrate sensors to offer personalized comfort. For instance, infrared sensors in air conditioners detect user presence and adjust settings accordingly, while smart bracelets track fitness and health metrics.
**2.6 Electronic Equipment**
Wearable tech like smart rings and bracelets uses sensors to monitor UV exposure and physical activity. These devices provide real-time feedback, helping users maintain a healthier lifestyle.
**2.7 Agriculture**
Smart agriculture relies on sensor networks to monitor soil conditions, weather, and crop health. Systems like those developed by China Agricultural University use ZigBee networks to collect and transmit environmental data for efficient farming.
**2.8 Ocean Exploration**
Wireless sensor networks are vital for real-time ocean monitoring. Projects like those led by Yang Xiufang use ZigBee-based systems to collect marine data, improving environmental protection and resource management.
**2.9 Aerospace**
NASA employs smart sensors to monitor the health of space shuttles and launch vehicles. These sensors provide critical data for ensuring mission safety and efficiency.
With continuous advancements, intelligent sensors are reshaping industries and driving innovation across the globe.
WiFi 5 ONU
A Wi-Fi 5 ONU is a versatile device that plays a crucial role in delivering high-speed internet over fiber optic networks while providing robust wireless connectivity. When selecting a Wi-Fi 5 ONU, consider factors such as speed, coverage, number of Ethernet ports, and additional features that suit your specific networking needs.
Wi-Fi 5, also known as 802.11ac, is a wireless networking standard that provides high-speed Wi-Fi connectivity, primarily in the 5 GHz band. When referring to Wi-Fi 5 ONUs, you are generally looking at devices that serve as the interface between a passive optical network and the end users, while also providing wireless connectivity. Here are some different types of Wi-Fi 5 ONUs, categorized based on their features and capabilities:
Dual-Band WiFi 5 ONU: It supports both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, allowing for greater flexibility in device connectivity.
Multi-Service WiFi 5 ONU: It combines ONT functionality with support for multiple services, such as VoIP and IPTV, in addition to Wi-Fi. That is WiFi 5 ONT with CATV, WiFi 5 ONT with VOIP.
Integrated Router WiFi 5 ONU: It combines ONU functionality with a built-in router, providing both wired and wireless connectivity from a single device.
Wi-Fi 5 Mesh ONU: It incorporates mesh networking capabilities, allowing multiple devices to work together to provide seamless Wi-Fi coverage throughout larger areas.
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